The history of the Holocaust (also known as the Shoah) covers the deprivation of rights, persecution and annihilation of the Jewish population in Europe. This development started in the early 1930s with the systematic marginalisation of Jews in Germany through stigmatisation, calls for boycotts and legal regulations, such as occupational bans and the exclusion of Jewish children from state schools. It continued with expropriation and expulsion. The Pogrom Night of 9 November 1938 marked the start of the genocide: arrests and deportations culminated in forced labour and industrially implemented mass murder in the labour and extermination camps of the Nazi dictatorship. By the time of the Allies liberated Germany, hunger, exhaustion, disease as well as mass shootings and gassings had claimed the lives of about six million people, including Anne Frank and all the other inhabitants of the secret annex, with the exception of Otto Frank.